What Occurs When Water Becomes Highly Attracted to a Different Molecule?
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The Water Molecule
All substances on Earth consist of molecules. The h2o molecule is the most abundantly available molecule on Earth and is also one of the nearly unique ones, as will be made apparent equally you lot read on. Molecules consist of smaller parts, called atoms. The h2o molecule contains three atoms: 1 oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen, the substance we all breathe, consists of two oxygen atoms. The chemical symbol for water is Water, where H2 stands for two hydrogen atoms and the O for one oxygen atom. Very stiff electromagnetic forces adhere atoms in ane molecule to each other.
A parallel electromagnetic attraction exists between individual molecules. Molecules are constantly moving and continually forming and breaking bonds with other molecules. Nether loftier pressure and low temperature, molecules don't travel every bit much and unremarkably class a solid substance. In this state, the altitude between individual molecules is relatively small-scale and the density of the substance is relatively loftier. As temperature increases, or pressure decreases, molecules travel faster and bonds weaken. At this indicate the solid substance will cook and form a liquid. At even college temperatures/lower pressures the bonds weaken even more and the molecule'due south state changes to gas. This is called the boiling point. In this stage, the distance between molecules is large and intermolecular bonds are almost non-existent, therefore gases have a very depression density. The humid and melting points are dissimilar for every substance on Earth. Under normal force per unit area and temperature levels, for case, oxygen is a gas, while mercury is a liquid and aureate, a solid. Even so water is the only substance that tin can naturally be found in all three states: water ice (solid), h2o (liquid), and vapor (gas).
Many of the unique qualities of h2o are due to strong hydrogen bonds between water (Water) molecules. The hydrogen (H2) atom has a slight negative charge while the oxygen (O) atom has a slight positive accuse. Thus, this molecule has polarity – that is, ane side is positive and the other, negative, and is called a dipole. Similar to a magnet, the hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted by the oxygen atoms of another h2o molecule. As water molecules are constantly moving, they perpetually class and break hydrogen bonds, as fast as every 200 femtoseconds, which is 0.0000000000002 seconds or 5 trillion times per second. The hydrogen bail is weaker than bonds between atoms within a molecule, but stronger than any other intermolecular bond.
When water becomes ice it forms a crystalline construction, which prevents further compression of the molecules. Considering of the hydrogen bonds, however, the density of water tin attain a higher level in its liquid state than in solid state: which makes information technology possible for ice to float on water. The highest density of water molecules is at about four°C (39.2°F). The h2o molecule is one of the few molecules that has its highest density in the liquid state. If water were non denser than ice, all the lakes would freeze solid in the colder regions of the globe, as ice would sink to the bottom. In the summer merely the elevation layer of these lakes would thaw. However, since the highest water density is at 4°C, only the top layer freezes, the h2o beneath the water ice drops to 4°C and then remains liquid. It can not become ice considering there is no infinite to aggrandize with the layer of ice on top. This gives water plants and animals an opportunity to survive under the ice.
Other special features of water related to the hydrogen bonds are its solvent? capacity and its loftier surface tension. Water is known every bit one of the near universal solvents and tin can dissolve virtually anything except "hydrophobic" (literally, "water-fearing") substances such as oil. Substances that are "hydrophilic" (literally, "water-loving") dissolve easily in water. Considering water molecules are very small, and dipolar, whatever hydrophilic substance that comes into contact with water and has either a positive or a negative accuse will deliquesce. The positively charged molecules volition form bonds with the oxygen element of the h2o molecule, while negatively charged molecules will form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen part of the water molecule's hydrogen atoms. Even so non-polar, hydrophobic molecules like oil will not deliquesce in water.
The high surface tension is essential for the action known as "capillary ascension". Capillary rise is the procedure in which water moves up a narrow tube against the force of gravity. It occurs because h2o adheres to the sides of the tube, and then surface tension tends to straighten the surface making the surface rise, and more water is pulled up through cohesion. The process is repeated as the h2o flows up the tube until there is enough h2o that gravity counteracts the adhesive strength. This same cohesive process is used in plants and trees to extract h2o and nutrients from surrounding soil. The high surface tension also allows light objects to stay on top water. A graphic analogy of this is the pond skater. This insect is literally able to walk on water!
Source: http://www.deltawerken.com/The-Water-Molecule/1445.html
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